一.Future的介绍
1.1 官方介绍
Future是JDK1.5中提供的一个接口(interface),关于Future,jdk文档中是这样介绍的:
Future表示“进行异步计算结果”,提供了方法来检测异步计算是否完成,以及获取计算后的结果。异步计算完后后,只能通过get方法来获取计算结果,并且使用get方法是会阻塞直到计算完毕(能拿到计算结果)。可以使用cancel方法来取消异步执行,除此之外,还提供了其他方法来判断异步任务正常完成或者被取消。一旦异步计算任务已经完成,那么任务就不能再被取消;
1.2 Job和Task
先说一下Job和Task,最初在做项目的时候,碰到过job和task,当时并不明白有什么区别和联系,只是笼统的都成为任务。后来明白了,当时项目是每天都有一个定时任务,这个定时任务会开启多个线程去执行多个逻辑(任务),其实那个定时任务就被称为一个Job,而开启的多个线程就称为Task。需要注意的是,并不是说进程就应该称为Job,线程就应该称为Task,而是说Job和Task是“父子关系”,一个进程Job也可以开启多个进程Task。
而本文说的Future可以理解为Task(任务)。
二. Future的使用方式
2.1 使用Callable+Future
两个注意点:
1.需要依赖实现Callable接口,注意不能是Runnable接口,因为需要拿到计算结果,所以需要实现Callable接口;
2.需要依赖于线程池,且要用submit提交task,而不能使用execute方法,因为execute方法提交task后,没有返回值,且task有异常也不能感知。
package cn.ganlixin;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
/**
* 描述:
* 学习使用Future
*
* @author ganlixin
* @create 2019-12-20
*/
@Slf4j
public class UseFuture {
/**
* 使用线程池的submit方式提交task,获取Future
*/
@Test
public void testExecutorSubmit() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
// 创建线程池
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
// 提交task
Future<String> future = executor.submit(new MyTask("hello"));
// get方法会阻塞直到获取到结果或者捕获到异常才继续执行后面的代码
String result = future.get();
log.info(result);
}
private static class MyTask implements Callable<String> {
private String data;
public MyTask(String data) {
this.data = data;
}
@Override
public String call() throws Exception {
// 模拟业务逻辑计算耗时
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
return data + " " + data;
}
}
}
2.2 使用FutureTask+Callable
使用FutureTask+Callable实现时,最重要的就是拿不到返回值,即使是提供了get()方法来获取结果,拿到的结果也是null。
package cn.ganlixin;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
/**
* 描述:
* 学习使用Future
*
* @author ganlixin
* @create 2019-12-20
*/
@Slf4j
public class UseFuture {
@Test
public void testFutureTask() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
FutureTask<String> futureTask = new FutureTask<>(new MyTask("hello"));
Future<?> future = executor.submit(futureTask);
// 阻塞,知道任务完成或者抛出异常
Object res = future.get();
// 预期得到的结果是"hello hello",但是res的结果是null,因为FutureTask+Callable接口拿不到返回值
System.out.println(res); // null
}
private static class MyTask implements Callable<String> {
private String data;
public MyTask(String data) {
this.data = data;
}
@Override
public String call() throws Exception {
// 模拟业务逻辑计算耗时
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
log.info("MyTask.call is running, msg:{}", data);
return data + " " + data;
}
}
}
上面使用future.get()阻塞等待结果的时候,拿到的结果是null,如果需要设定默认值,可以在submit的时候,提供第二个参数(默认返回值)。
三. ListenableFuture
ListenableFuture是guava提供的一种继承自JDK Future的一个接口,提供了更多的功能,比如对Future增加回调操作(callback),在成功或者失败的时候进行什么操作。
package cn.ganlixin;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.*;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
/**
* 描述:
* 学习使用Guava的ListenableFuture和ListenableFutureTask
*
* @author ganlixin
* @create 2019-12-21
*/
@Slf4j
public class UseListenableFuture {
private static class MyCallableTask implements Callable<String> {
private String data;
public MyCallableTask(String data) {
this.data = data;
}
@Override
public String call() throws Exception {
// 模拟业务逻辑计算耗时
// TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
log.info("MyCallableTask.call is running, msg:{}", data);
return data + " " + data;
}
}
/**
* 创建ListenableExecutorService、ListenableFuture、FutureCallback
*/
@Test
public void testSimple() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
// 原始的线程池
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
// 创建ListeningExecutorService对象,使用MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator()进行包装
ListeningExecutorService listeningExecutorService = MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator(executorService);
// 使用方式和executorService一样进行submit
ListenableFuture<String> listenableFuture = listeningExecutorService.submit(new MyCallableTask("hello"));
// 创建Future的回调操作,分别是成功异常的时候
FutureCallback<String> futureCallback = new FutureCallback<String>() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(@Nullable String result) {
log.info("success to run MyCallableTask, and result is:{}", result);
}
@Override
public void onFailure(Throwable t) {
log.error("fail to run MyCallableTask, e=", t);
}
};
// 对Future、FutureCallBack、ExecutorService进行绑定
// addCallback(ListenableFuture<V>, FutureCallback,Executor)
Futures.addCallback(listenableFuture, futureCallback, listeningExecutorService);
final String result = listenableFuture.get();
log.info("result:{}", result);
/*输出结果
INFO [pool-2-thread-1] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - MyCallableTask.call is running, msg:hello
INFO [main] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - result:hello hello
INFO [pool-2-thread-2] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - success to run MyCallableTask, and result is:hello hello
*/
}
/**
* 为ListenableFuture添加Listener,Listener是在Future执行完毕后执行
*/
@Test
public void testAddListenr() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
ListeningExecutorService listeningExecutorService = MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator(executorService);
ListenableFuture<String> listenableFuture = listeningExecutorService.submit(new MyCallableTask("hello"));
// 可以为一个ListenableFuture添加多个Listener
// void addListener(Runnable listener, Executor executor);
listenableFuture.addListener(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
log.info("this is listener1 running");
}
}, listeningExecutorService);
listenableFuture.addListener(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
log.info("this is listener2 running");
}
}, listeningExecutorService);
String result = listenableFuture.get();
log.info("result:{}", result);
}
/**
* 可以使用Futures.transform进行多个Future的异步链式执行
*
* @throws ExecutionException
* @throws InterruptedException
*/
@Test
public void testTransform() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
ListeningExecutorService listeningExecutorService = MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator(executorService);
ListenableFuture<String> listenableFuture = listeningExecutorService.submit(new MyCallableTask("hello"));
// ListenableFuture执行完毕后,将会执行下面这个Function中定义的apply方法
ListenableFuture<String> task1 = Futures.transform(listenableFuture, new Function<String, String>() {
@Nullable
@Override
public String apply(@Nullable String input) {
// input是上一个Future的结果
log.info("task1 input:{}", input);
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "this is result from task1.apply";
}
}, listeningExecutorService);
// task1执行完毕后,将会执行下面这个Function中定义的apply方法
ListenableFuture<String> task2 = Futures.transform(task1, new Function<String, String>() {
@Nullable
@Override
public String apply(@Nullable String input) {
// input是上一个Future的结果
log.info("task2 input:{}", input);
return "this is result from task2.apply";
}
}, listeningExecutorService);
String result = listenableFuture.get();
log.info("result:{}", result);
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
/*
INFO [pool-2-thread-1] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - MyCallableTask.call is running, msg:hello
INFO [main] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - result:hello hello
INFO [pool-2-thread-2] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - task1 input:hello hello
INFO [pool-2-thread-3] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - task2 input:this is result from task1.apply
*/
}
/**
* 使用ListenableFutureTask
*/
@Test
public void testListenableFutureTask() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
ListeningExecutorService listeningExecutorService = MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator(executorService);
// 传入Callable接口
ListenableFutureTask<String> listenableFutureTask = ListenableFutureTask.create(new MyCallableTask("Hello"));
ListenableFuture<?> future = listeningExecutorService.submit(listenableFutureTask);
// 添加Listener的方式相同
listenableFutureTask.addListener(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
log.info("this is listener of listeneFutureTask");
}
}, executorService);
future.get();
/*
INFO [pool-2-thread-1] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - MyCallableTask.call is running, msg:Hello
INFO [pool-2-thread-2] cn.ganlixin.UseListenableFuture - this is listener of listeneFutureTask
*/
}
}
四. ComplatableFuture的用法
CompletableFuture也是guava提供的一种异步计算的使用方式,下面简单演示了用法:
package cn.ganlixin;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
/**
* 描述:
* 学习使用ComplateableFuture
*
* @author ganlixin
* @create 2019-12-22
*/
@Slf4j
public class UseCompletableFuture {
/**
* 使用ComplateableFuture
*/
@Test
public void testSupplyAsync() {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
// 可以指定第二个参数(线程池),也可以忽略,一般建议添加
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
log.info("this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync1 log out");
return "task1 return";
}, executorService);
// 可以指定第二个参数(线程池),也可以忽略,一般建议添加
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
log.info("this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync2 log out");
return "task2 return";
}, executorService);
// 可以指定第二个参数(线程池),也可以忽略,一般建议添加
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
log.info("this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync3 log out");
return "task3 return";
}, executorService);
/**
* 输出
* INFO [pool-2-thread-3] cn.ganlixin.UseCompletableFuture - this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync3 log out
* INFO [pool-2-thread-2] cn.ganlixin.UseCompletableFuture - this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync2 log out
* INFO [pool-2-thread-1] cn.ganlixin.UseCompletableFuture - this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync1 log out
*/
}
/**
* 异步执行链
*/
@Test
public void testThen() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
log.info("this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync1 log out");
return "task1 return";
}, executorService);
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture1 = completableFuture.thenApplyAsync(input -> {
log.info("this is thenApplyAsync, input:{}", input);
return "thenApplyAsync return";
}, executorService);
String result = completableFuture.get();
log.info("result:{}", result);
/*输出
INFO [pool-2-thread-1] cn.ganlixin.UseCompletableFuture - this is complatebleFuture supplyAsync1 log out
INFO [main] cn.ganlixin.UseCompletableFuture - result:task1 return
INFO [pool-2-thread-2] cn.ganlixin.UseCompletableFuture - this is thenApplyAsync, input:task1 return
*/
}
}

